Prinsip Syariah

 Menjalakan kan prinsip syariah tak hanya mendatangkan berkah. Lebih dari itu mengoprasikan prinsip syariah juga membuka peluang menanguguk unung pada kondisi kondisi yang tidak normal. Itulah yang di perlihatkan bank yang beroperasi  secara syariah. Kala itu, di saat perbankan nasional tengah di jangkiti ‘virus’ negative spreade – kerugian akibat bunga simpanan lebih tinggi dari bunga kredit – bank bank yang menerapkan prinsip bagi hasil melenggang tanpa beban.
Ini bukan kebetulan, melainkan bukti. Di awal krisis pertengahan tahun 1997, bank – bank konvensional bertumbangan. Bank muamalat Indonesia, satu satunya bank syariah yang ada di tanah air saat itu, tetap tegar. Waktu tegar, bank Indonesia menerapkan tight money policy (kebijakan uang ketat ) dengan menetapkan bunga simpanan mencapai 70 persen. Satu sisi , otoritas moneter berharap dengan meningkatkan bunga hingga tertinggi itu, dana masyarakat akan tersedot ke system perbankan.
Dengan cara ini pula, mereka berharap masyarakat tidak membeli dolar AS yang tengah menekan rupiah. Namun, di sisi lain, kebijakan ini menjadi beban berat yang harus di pikul dunia perbankan (konvensional). Banyak di antara bank-bank itu yang kelimpangan tercekik oleh tingginya bunga. Mereka harus membayar bunga simpanan masyarakat dengan bunga yang selangit, sementara bank tidak biasa menarik bunga kredit sebesar itu dari para nasabah. Seperti yang telah kita ketahui, fragmen itu berlanjut dengan tumbangnya satu persatu bank konvensional karena kesulitan likuiditas. ‘pendarahan’ mereka semakin parah ketika kredit yang di kucurkan kepada para debitor banyak yang macet. Bank pun kolaps.
Mestinya para pemilik bank yang memanfaatkan dana murah masyarakat untuk mengemukakan usaha grup sendiri, ia yang paling bertanggung jawab. Namun, seperti yang kita saksikan pula, banyak kewajiban yang seharus nya menjadi domain privat, beralih menjadi kewajiban public. Pemerintah – dengan menggunakan dana rakyat – menjadi sinterklas merekapitalisasi bank – bank itu. Tidak cukup itu saja, kredit kredit macet ( non – performing loans atau NPL )mereka pun di tarik oleh pemerintah dan kemudian di alihkan kebadan penyehatan perbankan nasional (BPPN). Pembukuan mereka menjadi ‘putih bersih’, seolah tak ada noda kreditt macet lagi.
Tapi sehatkah mereka ? ternyata usaha yang telah menelan triliunan rupiah uang rakyat itu belum benar benar menyembuhkan. Selain pungsi intermediasi – funsi utama perbankan sebagai penggerak sector riil – masih kecil, mereka juga menjadikan bank Indonesia sapi perah. Dana triliunan rupiah bukannya di gulirkan untuk sector riil, melainkan di tambatkan pada Sertifikat Bank Indonesia (SBI). tanpa banyak keluar keringat,  bank bank itu melaporkan bias mencetak laba yang tak lain ‘sumbangan tetap’ dari bunga SBI yang mereka terima.
Waktu berjalan, 5 tahun setelah di rekap, ternyata bank bank itu masih juga ‘sempoyangan’ dan belum tegak berdiri. Indikasinya, kali ini mereka dalam baying baying ancaman pirus negative spread. Dalam catatan ekonomi indef, derajat h. wibowo, sedikitnya ada lima bank yang saat itu mengalami kesulitan likuiditas lantaran kebobolan membiayai dana deposan yang cukup mahal, sementara perolehan bunga, baik dari kredit maupun sertifikat bank Indonesia, relative minim (republika, 27/3/2001)
Menurutnya, lima bank itu sudah memberikan suka bunga di batas atas (batas maksimum) suku bunga deposito yang di jamin bank Indonesia, yakni 15,4%. “padahal saat itu suku bunga SBI 14,8%. Ini kan berarti telah terjadi negative spread”.

Posisi bank syariah
Bila bank konvensional tak juga menemukan paksin penangkal virus negative spread, perbankan syariah relative imun, bahkan tak tersentuh. Bank muamalat Indonesia (BMI) yang kemudian yang di susul bank syariah mandiri buktinya lolos dari lubang  jarum ini saat bank bank lain berjatuhan. Itu karena bank syariah tak menggunakan instrument bunga. “kami tidak ada negative spread karena berdasarkan bagi hasil”, ungkap presiden direktu bank syariah mandiri (BSM), nurdin hasibuan, saat diminta keterangan tentang ancaman  ini. Nurdin memastikan bank bank yang berbasis syariah itu luput dari ‘ virus ‘ mematikan itu. Sebab, katanya , bank bank syariah sedikit berbeda dengan bank konvensional dalam menemukan nasabah (debitor). “masalahnya, dana yang di himpun oleh bank syariah itu kan dana umat. Karena nya, kami harus mencari mereka (debitor) yang di yakini bias mengembalikan dana yang di pinjam itu.
Hanya saja, ia mengakui saat itu sulit bagi bank syariah menjalankan kredit kepada nasabah terkecil nya kasus serupa sebenarnya di alami juga oleh bank bank konvensional. Banyak bank yang menyalurkan dana nya lewat pembelian SBI atu pasar uang antar bank
Coba saja kalu bank bank penerima rekapitulasi itu di konversi menjadi bank syariah, tentu bukan hanya terhindar dari ancaman penyakit negative spread based, melainkan juga tak membebani APBN karena pemerintah tak lagi menyediakan pos untuk pembayaran bunga rekap. Persoalannya, ada atau tidak keinginan dari pemerintah.


Run the Islamic principle of not only bring blessings. More than that operate the Islamic principles also create opportunities menanguguk unung on condition of abnormal conditions. That's what the show Islamic banks operate. At that time, when the national banking center in jangkiti 'virus' negative spreade - losses due to higher deposit interest rates of credit interest rates - banks which apply the principle of burden sharing glided without.This is not a coincidence, but rather evidence. At the beginning of the crisis in mid 1997, the bank - conventional banks collapsed. Bank Muamalat Indonesia, the only Islamic bank in the country at the time, remained strong. Tough time, Indonesian banks to apply tight money policy (tight money policy) by setting deposit rates reached 70 percent. One side, the monetary authorities hope to increase interest rates to highest, the funds will be sucked into the banking system.In this way also, they hope people do not buy the U.S. dollar being hit rupiah. However, on the other hand, this policy has become a heavy burden to bear in the banking world (conventional). Many of the banks that kelimpangan strangled by high interest rates. They have to pay interest on deposits with the exorbitant interest rates, while banks do not usually attract interest amount from the customer. As we have seen, the fragment continues to fall one by one conventional banks because of liquidity problems. 'Bleeding' they are getting worse when in ensuring the credit to the debtor a lot of jams. Banks were collapsing.Should have the owners of banks that utilize low-cost funding of society to express its own business group, he is most responsible. However, as we have seen too many obligations that it should be a private domain, turned into a public liability. Governments - with the use of funds of the people - a Santa recapitalize banks - the bank. Not enough, bad credit loans (non - performing loans or NPL) they were in drag by the government and then the switch kebadan national bank restructuring (IBRA). Bookkeeping they become 'white', as there is no stain kreditt jammed again.But healthy is they? turned out to businesses that have taken trillions of dollars of public funds was not really heal. In addition to puncture the intermediary - the main function is the banking sector as a driver of real - is still small, they also made Indonesian banks dairy cows. Fund instead of trillions of rupiah in scroll to the real sector, but in tambatkan on Bank Indonesia Certificates (SBI). without much sweat, the bank that the bank reported a profit that is not bias others 'contributions remain' from SBI interest they receive.Running time, 5 years after the recap, it turns out that banks are still too 'sempoyangan' and yet stand upright. The indication, this time they were in the baying baying turquoise threat of negative spread. In economic record INDEF, the degree h. wibowo, there are at least five banks that when it ran into liquidity problems because they conceded a pay depositors' funds is quite expensive, while the acquisition of interest, both of credit and bank certificates of Indonesia, is relatively minimal (Republika, 27/03/2001)According to him, the five banks that have provided love interest at the upper limit (maximum) interest rate guarantee bank deposits in Indonesia, namely 15.4%. "And it was 14.8% in SBI rates. It's mean there have been negative spread. "
The position of Islamic banksWhen conventional banks also did not find an antidote paksin negative spread viruses, Islamic banking is relatively immune, even untouched. Bank Muamalat Indonesia (BMI), which then are in an independent Islamic bank after another proof of this escaped the eye of a needle while banks fell. That's because Islamic banks do not use the instrument of interest. "We do not exist because of the negative spread on the basis of profit sharing," said the president of an independent Islamic bank direktu (BSM), Nurdin hasibuan, when requested information about this threat. Nurdin ensure sharia-based banks that escaped from the 'virus' deadly. Because, he says, banks Islamic banks is slightly different from conventional banks in finding a customer (debtor). "The problem, gather the funds in the Islamic bank that was funding the people. Because of her, we must look for them (the debtor) that are believed to bias in return the funds it borrowed.However, she admitted when it is difficult for Islamic banks to run credit to its smallest customers actually experienced similar cases also by conventional banks. Many banks that channel its funds through the purchase of SBI atu interbank money marketTry it kalu recapitulation of banks receiving it in the conversion into Islamic bank, of course not only avoid the threat of negative spread of disease based, but also not to burden the state budget because the government no longer provides a recap post for interest payments. Trouble is, there is or is not the desire of the government.